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Thomas Müntzer
Thomas Müntzer (ca. 1489 – 27 May 1525) was a German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Luther and the established Catholic church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany. Müntzer was foremost amongst those reformers who took issue with Luther’s compromises with feudal authority. He became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of 1525, was captured after the battle of Frankenhausen, and was tortured and executed.
Few other figures of the German Reformation have raised so much controversy, which continues to this day, as Müntzer.〔Tom Scott: Thomas Müntzer (1989) 〕 A complex and unique figure in history, he is now regarded as a highly significant player in the early years of the German Reformation and also in the history of European revolutionaries 〔Günter Vogler: Thomas Müntzer und die Gesellschaft seiner Zeit (2003) 〕 Almost all modern studies of Müntzer stress the necessity of understanding his revolutionary actions as a consequence of his theology: Müntzer believed that the end of the world was imminent and that it was the task of the true believers to aid God in ushering in a new era of history 〔R.W.Scribner: The German Reformation (1986) 〕 Within the history of the Reformation, his contribution – especially in liturgy and Biblical exegesis – was of substance, but remains undervalued.
==Early life and education==
Thomas Müntzer was born in late 1489 (or possibly 1488), in the small town of Stolberg in the Harz Mountains of Germany. The legend that his father had been executed by the feudal authorities 〔Friedrich Engels: The Peasant War in Germany (1969) 〕 has long since been shown untrue. There is every reason to suppose that Müntzer had a relatively comfortable background and upbringing – as evidenced by his lengthy education. Both his parents were still alive in 1520, his mother dying at around that time.〔Scott 〕
The family later moved to the neighbouring, and slightly larger town of Quedlinburg, and it was as ‘Thomas Munczer de Quedlinburgk’ that he enrolled at the university of Leipzig in 1506. Here he may have studied the Arts or even Theology: relevant records are missing, and it is uncertain whether Müntzer actually graduated from Leipzig. He later enrolled in late 1512 at the Viadriana university of Frankfurt an der Oder. It is not known what degrees he had obtained by 1514, when he found employment within the Church: almost certainly a Master’s degree in Theology or the Arts; and possibly – but less certainly – a Bachelor of Theology. Again, the university records are full of holes, or are completely missing.〔Scott 〕 At some time in this rather obscure period of his life, possibly before his studies at Frankfurt, he held down posts as an assistant teacher in schools in Halle and Aschersleben, at which time, according to his final confession,〔Peter Matheson (ed): The Collected Works of Thomas Müntzer (1988) 〕 he is alleged to have formed a ‘league’ against the incumbent Archbishop of Magdeburg – to what end the league was formed is wholly unknown.
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